How this worksGuide & definitions
Quick start
- Choose a book and chapter using the picker at the top.
- Read the Berean Standard Bible text in the main column.
- Hover a verse number in the passage to open a manuscript list and timeline.
- Click a verse number or use “Full verse page” for GA lookup, commentary, Greek tools, and (on ECM books) textual apparatus.
- Click any manuscript siglum (e.g. 01, P46) to open its catalog record.
This book
Hover any verse to see manuscripts whose content includes Romans. The list is the same at every verse in this book.
The chapter view is for reading and quick manuscript discovery. Hover verse superscripts for a preview; open the verse page for full lists, timelines, and analysis tools.
Two manuscript lists
- Book catalog
- Manuscripts whose surviving text includes this book (from the Kurzgefaßte Liste catalog). The same list appears at every verse — it is not verse-specific attestation.
- ECM
- The Editio Critica Maior (ECM) is the scholarly critical edition of the Greek New Testament. Its apparatus records which manuscripts attest each textual variant at a specific verse.
Sources
English text: Berean Standard Bible (helloao API). NT manuscript catalog and apparatus: Münster NTVMR. Extrabiblical catalog: scholarly inventories with bundled JSON + Firestore. Pre-indexed lists enable fast hover; apparatus XML is fetched live on ECM verse pages.
Romans 13The chapter view is for reading and quick manuscript discovery. Hover verse superscripts for a preview; open the verse page for full lists, timelines, and analysis tools.
Open verse
Hover a verse number in the passage to open a manuscript list and timeline. Open the verse page for GA lookup, commentary, and the full manuscript list.
1Everyone must submit himself to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which is from God. The authorities that exist have been appointed by God.2Consequently, whoever resists authority is opposing what God has set in place, and those who do so will bring judgment on themselves.3For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Do you want to be unafraid of the one in authority? Then do what is right, and you will have his approval.4For he is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not carry the sword in vain. He is God’s servant, an agent of retribution to the wrongdoer.5Therefore it is necessary to submit to authority, not only to avoid punishment, but also as a matter of conscience.6This is also why you pay taxes. For the authorities are God’s servants, who devote themselves to their work.7Pay everyone what you owe him: taxes to whom taxes are due, revenue to whom revenue is due, respect to whom respect is due, honor to whom honor is due.8Be indebted to no one, except to one another in love. For he who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law.9The commandments “Do not commit adultery,” “Do not murder,” “Do not steal,” “Do not covet,” and any other commandments, are summed up in this one decree: “Love your neighbor as yourself.”10Love does no wrong to its neighbor. Therefore love is the fulfillment of the law.11And do this, understanding the occasion. The hour has come for you to wake up from your slumber, for our salvation is nearer now than when we first believed.12The night is nearly over; the day has drawn near. So let us lay aside the deeds of darkness and put on the armor of light.13Let us behave decently, as in the daytime, not in carousing and drunkenness, not in sexual immorality and debauchery, not in dissension and jealousy.14Instead, clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the desires of the flesh.